Sunday, January 15, 2012

Neighborhood Government Administration and the Challenges of Rural Development in Nigeria

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Sunday, January 8, 2012

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The Nigerian state therefore created local government as the third tier of government whose objective is to ensure effective, measurable and efficient service delivery to the people. Local government is faced with various difficulties. It concludes that problems of local government are multifarious in nature and the solutions for them should be adequate and practical in order to evolve viable and development-oriented third tier of government.Key words: grassroots, political system, autonomy, third tier, participation, development, uniformity, unity, culture, diversity, interference, national integration, performance, consciousness, concept, commitment, democracy, inefficiency, corruption, decentralisation.IntroductionThe expediency for the creation of local government anywhere in the world stems from the need to facilitate development at the grassroots. Whatever is the mode of government, local government has been essentially regarded as the path to, and guarantor of, national integration, administration and development. A local government is a government at the grassroots level of administration "meant for meeting peculiar grassroots need of the people (Agagu, 1997:18). A local government is expected to play the role of promoting the democratic ideals of a society and co-ordinating development programme at the local level. The reforms introduced a multi-purpose single-tier local government system (Ajayi, 2000:70)The reforms also introduced population criterion under which a local government could be created. Consequently, a population of within 150,000 to 800,000 was considered feasible for a local government. There was provision for elective positions having the chairmen as executive head of local government with supervisory councillors constituting the cabinet. Apart from the celebrated 1976 reforms, state government officials have also introduced various manipulations. For instance, in Ekiti state, the tenure of elected local government officials was reduced to two years. So far, local government system in Nigeria has not been stable and this leaves its future to remain bleak, uncertain and insecure.Problems of Local Governments in NigeriaDespite the justification for the establishment of local government and its inevitable importance to the people at the grassroots level, this tier of government seems not to have justified the reasons for which it was established. The questions that summarily come to one's mind are: why has local government not lived up to its expectations? What are the challenges of the local government? Poverty of socio-political philosophy for change.Misplaced PriorityHard-earned and limited resources accrued to and raised by local government are always mismanaged. Laissez-faire attitude to work has arrested the efficiency of local government and has drastically affected its performance.Undue InterferenceThe degree of external influence and intrusion in local government affairs by the higher levels of government is worrisome and needs re-evaluation. Practically, and in true sense, local government in Nigeria lacks autonomous financial power. Local government is now considered as an extension of state's ministry. The inherent nature of this problem has caused subservience, a situation where local government waits for the next directives from state government before the former could think of, let alone embarking on developmental projects. This has made local government an object of control and directives.The major challenge that local government faces is the political control the respective state governor has on the local government chairmen. This again creates a problem of diversion of local government funds for personal use of state governor. In Ondo state, for instance, there is this unholy alliance between state government and local councils in the state, where the state government constitutes Joint Action Committee, tagged ‘JAC'. Federal allocations to local government are first deposited into a particular ad hoc account before calling for the committee meeting. This in a way paves the way for the state government to plan for the local government and release the money in instalments. The question here is: is local government the truly third tier of government or a ministry under its respective state government?While we know that the basic rationale behind the creation of local government is to meet the peculiar needs of the people at the grassroots, it is however pathetic to note that local government has demonstrated incompetence in this regard. Besides, some local councils should look for ways of attracting industries to their areas as this will propel economic development and increase their revenue base.The section 7 of the 1999 constitution that places local government under state government has made the former to be a mere appendage to the latter. The implication of this is that, intermittent reforms and undue interference do not make local councils stable tier of government. Ado Ekiti, UNADAgagu, A.A. (1997) "Local Government" in Kolawole, D. (ed) Readings in Political Science, Ibadan, Dekaal.Appadorai, A. (1975) The Substance of Politics. London, Allen and Unwin.Lawal, S. (2000) "Local Government Administration in Nigeria: A Practical Approach" In Ajayi, K (ed) Theory and Practice of Local Government, Ado Ekiti, UNADNwabueze, B.O. (1982) A Constitutional History of Nigeria. Ado Ekiti, UNADThe 1976 Local Government Reforms guidelines, Lagos, Federal Ministry of Information

Sunday, December 25, 2011

When I graduated college I spent many days searching for a job. Reading the advertisements in the newspaper didn't help me. Finally, even the thought of looking at the "help wanted" section for a local job search made me feel sick.

I assume that many entry-level job offers never made it to the newspaper. To conduct a successful local job search you should do more than reading the advertisements in the newspaper, which can only make you lose hope. There was a dire need the local job search method be changed. Nowadays the World Wide Web offers numerous possibilities to conduct a local employment search. There are various Islamic schools in Manchester which are serving the Muslim population's needs and demands and provide real time pure Islamic atmosphere for the teaching and education of their children. There are various charitable trusts which are working for promotion of education but Hanifah community is unique as it serves the requirements of pre-school and schooling needs of Muslim community in United Kingdom.

Wednesday, December 21, 2011

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Local Government Training Courses Can Cut Council Costs and Boost Efficiency

In these challenging economic times local government training courses have a vital role to play.

Companies involved in local government training

If you deliver local government training courses, you should look closely at your course content to see if there is potential for adapting some of the material.

Local government writing

Whether you communicate with local residents, local businesses or your professional colleagues, there is scope for you to rein in council expenses.

Contain spending

In this regard local government training can perform a valuable service. Not just for the local authorities themselves but also for the hard-pressed council tax payer.

Local Government Training Courses Can Cut Council Costs and Boost Efficiency


For a guy who is looking for married women, it can be extremely challenging. It is difficult to try and find local married women who are searching for the same thing you are - discreet affairs. Sites that feature active local married women are perfect because both parties are looking for the same thing. This avoids wasting time by having to search the site for hours looking for someone who is married and willing to have an affair. Within a very short amount of time you should be chatting with multiple married women looking for affairs.

Monday, December 19, 2011

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Local businesses are often the best places to sell your original arts and crafts.

JOIN REGIONAL ART ASSOCIATIONS

Most communities have an art association of some kind.

Most art associations sponsor regular gallery shows in their own meeting place or in a town hall or library meeting room.

Art association meetings include regular demonstrations (of art technique) by artists who will usually sell some art to the members, too.

Start by creating a form letter that you'll send to every art association in the phone book.

USE THE ART ASSOCIATION'S CONTACTS FOR LOCAL SALES

Many art associations have working relationships with local businesses, especially restaurants, bookstores, beauty salons, and banks... anyone with blank wall space that wants an "art show" to generate interest. Next to each piece of art, place the art association's business card. On it, write the title of the art, the artist, the price, and how to contact the art association for more information.

If your local art club hasn't done this before, help them to set it up.

HELP YOUR ART CLUB TURN PROFESSIONAL

If you are in an art association that doesn't have a working relationship with local businesses, bring it up at the next business meeting.

ART ASSOCIATIONS AND CREDIT CARD PURCHASES

The art association takes a percentage of the sales, usually about 20%.

IF YOU CAN'T FIND THE RIGHT ART GROUP FOR YOUR WORK

If you don't have a local art association--or if their interests don't match yours--start your own.

Art Career Success with Local Businesses


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Thursday, December 15, 2011

Advantages of 802.11 Local Location Wireless Networks over 3G

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  1. Simplified planning:; Configuring a ad hoc network is not necessary and the network deigning part is related to radio engineering.
  2. Possibility of a temporary network configuration: Networks which are needed temporarily can be set up using wireless communication.
      Wireless LANs rarely work independently of other networks and, wireless transmission is used to access a wire line network.
    "1G (or 1-G) is short for first-generation wireless telephone technology, cellphones. The main difference between two succeeding mobile telephone systems, 1G and 2G, is that the radio signals that 1G networks use are analog, while 2G networks are encyclopedia/1G]

    Analogue circuit-switched technology system is used in 1G, with FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access), it works mainly in the 800-900 MHz frequency bands. The networks had a low traffic capacity, unreliable handover, poor voice quality, and poor security.

    To send; signal from cell base station to the handset, systems typically allocated one 25 MHz frequency band, and another 25 MHz band for signals being returned from the handset to the base station.

    Third Generation mobile telephone networks are the most recent phase in the growth of wireless communications technology. Japan's 3G technology is capable of matching the quality of fixed-line telecommunications devices whilst providing high-speed data transmission and global roaming to all areas where 3G networks exist."[The Wireless Telecommunications Market in Japan, April 2006]






















    W-CDMA and CDMA2000

    Time division multiple access (TDMA) is a shared medium access method of channel (usually radio) networks. It divides the channel in to different time slots and allows different users to share the same frequency channel.

    CDMA:

    Many radio communication technologies use CDMA channel access method. In short FDMA divides access by frequency, TDMA divides it by time and CDMA which is a spread-spectrum and coding scheme divides access by assigning a code since a modulated coded signal has much higher data bandwidth than the data communicated itself.

    3G and 802.11 Data Rates and Integration

    Data rates of 3G compared to WLANs

    The data rates of wireless LANs are anywhere from 1 Mbps to 54 Mbps.

    WLANs Integration with 3G networks.

    Wireless local area networks and cellular mobile networks have been the most useful technologies to use wireless communication.; 3G networks cover wider areas with ubiquitous connectivity but with low-speed date rates. Wireless local area networks in turn cover small areas but with higher data rates and easy compatibility of wired internet.
  3. Tightly-coupled internetworking

  4. Loosely-coupled internetworking

The concept behind tightly-coupled approach is that the 802.11 network should appear like another 3G access network to the main 3G network. In this the 802.11 network will imitate functions which are present in 3G core network. As the 3G core network straight away expose its interfaces to the 802.11 network, one operator must possess both the 802.11 and the 3G parts of the network. [Removable User Identity Module Standard for CDMA 2000 Spread;Spectrum Systems, June 2000.]

The users that access services of the 802.11 gateway may comprise users that have in the vicinity signed on, as well as mobile customers visiting from erstwhile networks. "We call this approach loosely-coupled interworking because it completely separates the data paths in 802.11 and 3G networks. The high speed 802.11 data traffic is never injected into the 3G core network but the end user still achieves seamless access. [Wireless IP Network Standard.

In the case of interoperation with CDMA2000, this require that the 802.11 gateway supports Mobile-IP functionalities to hold mobility across networks, as well as AAA services to interwork with the 3G's home network AAA servers. The WLANs when compared to 3G networks have high-speed data rates but small coverage area. IP Mobility Support for IPv4.

Hazysztof Wesolowshi, Mobile Communication System, John Wiley ; Sons, 2002

M. Buddhikot, G. Chandranmenon, S. Han, Y. W. Lee, S. Miller, L. Salgarelli, Integration of 802.11 and Third-Generation Wireless Data Networks, IEEE INFOCOM 2003.

Removable User Identity Module Standard for CDMA 2000 Spread spectrum Systems.

Wireless IP Network Standard.

Tuesday, December 13, 2011

Picking out a local distributor for psychometric tests

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We firmly believe that those in the best place to distribute psychometric tests are those who have a background in personality psychology and/or organisational psychology.; In fact this premise was shared by many reputable test publishers until relatively recently.

Greed and motivation to expand market share have taken over in many cases and some test publishers have delegated test distribution to non-psychologists or those with short-course qualifications in this area.

Firstly that the test has a sophisticated lie detection system and so is very accurate.; A psychologist will tell you this has nothing to do with predictive accuracy!; Predictive accuracy (or validity) is about using the test scores to predict work performance or something similar.

Again, a psychologist would point out that this salesperson is getting confused.; Construct validity and predictive validity are two different forms of validity.; Most importantly though, no psychometric test is 95% predictive!; Psychologists know that and if they claim any different they would be reported to their board and struck off!

Choose those holding full registration as psychologists with government/professional bodies who must undergo professional development on a continual basis.;